Some naive concepts:

The earth is flat.
The universe revolves around the earth.
The universe revolves around me.
The stars are holes in the firmament, letting through light from beyond.
Everything consists of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water.
Time flows like a river.
Our senses are trustworthy.
Our senses are not trustworthy.
The seat of emotions is the heart.
The seat of desire is the genitals.
The seat of intuition is the pants.
Structures and relationships are repeated at all scales, from the sub-atomic to the galactic.